Neuroscience. 2nd ed. Table of Contents
Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark.
Sunderland
Sinauer Associates, Inc.; 2001.
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Supplements to Accompany Neuroscience Second Edition
Introductory Chapter
1.
The Organization of the Nervous System
The Cellular Components of the Nervous System
Nerve Cells
Neuroglial Cells
Neural Circuits
Neural Systems
Some Anatomical Terminology
The Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System
The External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The External Anatomy of the Brain: Some General Points
The Lateral Surface of the Brain
The Dorsal and Ventral Surfaces of the Brain
The Midline Sagittal Surface of the Brain
The Internal Anatomy of the Brain
The Internal Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Diencephalon
The Ventricular System
The Meninges
The Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Summary
I.
Neural Signaling
2.
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells
Electrical Potentials Across Nerve Cell Membranes
How Ionic Movements Produce Electrical Signals
The Forces that Create Membrane Potentials
Electrochemical Equilibrium in an Environment with More Than One Permeant Ion
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential
The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
Summary
3.
Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability
Ionic Currents Across Nerve Cell Membranes
Two Types of Voltage-Dependent Ionic Current
Two Voltage-Dependent Membrane Conductances
Reconstruction of the Action Potential
Long-Distance Signaling by Means of Action Potentials
The Refractory Period
Increased Conduction Velocity as a Result of Myelination
Summary
4.
Channels and Transporters
Ion Channels Underlying Action Potentials
The Diversity of Ion Channels
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Stretch- and Heat-Activated Channels
The Molecular Structure of Ion Channels
Active Transporters Create and Maintain Ion Gradients
Functional Properties of the Na
+
/K
+
Pump
The Molecular Structure of the Na
+
/K
+
Pump
Summary
5.
Synaptic Transmission
Electrical Synapses
Chemical Synapses
Quantal Transmission at Neuromuscular Synapses
Release of Transmitters from Synaptic Vesicles
Local Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles
The Role of Calcium in Transmitter Secretion
Molecular Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion
Summary
6.
Neurotransmitters
What Defines a Neurotransmitter?
Two Major Categories of Neurotransmitters
Neurons Often Release More Than One Transmitter
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Packaging Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter Release and Removal
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA and Glycine
The Biogenic Amines
ATP and Other Purines
Peptide Neurotransmitters
Summary
7.
Neurotransmitter Receptors and Their Effects
Neurotransmitter Receptors Alter Postsynaptic Membrane Permeability
Principles Derived from Studies of the Neuromuscular Junction
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Summation of Synaptic Potentials
Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors
Cholinergic Receptors
Glutamate Receptors
GABA and Glycine Receptors
Serotonin Receptors
Purinergic Receptors
Catecholamine Receptors
Peptide Receptors
Summary
8.
Intracellular Signal Transduction
Strategies of Molecular Signaling
The Activation of Signaling Pathways
Receptor Types
G-Proteins and Their Molecular Targets
Second Messengers
Second Messenger Targets: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
Nuclear Signaling
Examples of Neuronal Signal Transduction
Summary
II.
Sensation and Sensory Processing
9.
The Somatic Sensory System
Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Somatic Sensory Receptors
Mechanoreceptors Specialized to Receive Tactile Information
Differences in Mechanosensory Discrimination Across the Body Surface
Mechanoreceptors Specialized for Proprioception
Active Tactile Exploration
The Major Afferent Pathway for Mechanosensory Information: The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus System
The Trigeminal Portion of the Mechanosensory System
The Somatic Sensory Components of the Thalamus
The Somatic Sensory Cortex
Higher-Order Cortical Representations
Summary
10.
Pain
Nociceptors
The Perception of Pain
Hyperalgesia and Sensitization
Central Pain Pathways: The Spinothalamic Tract
The Nociceptive Components of the Thalamus and Cortex
Central Regulation of Pain Perception
The Placebo Effect
The Physiological Basis of Pain Modulation
Summary
11.
Vision: The Eye
Anatomy of the Eye
The Formation of Images on the Retina
The Retina
Phototransduction
Functional Specialization of the Rod and Cone Systems
Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones
Cones and Color Vision
Retinal Circuits for Detecting Differences in Luminance
Contribution of Retinal Circuits to Light Adaptation
Summary
12.
Central Visual Pathways
Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
The Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
Visual Field Deficits
The Functional Organization of the Striate Cortex
The Columnar Organization of the Striate Cortex
Parallel Streams of Information from Retina to Cortex
The Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas
Summary
13.
The Auditory System
Sound
The Audible Spectrum
A Synopsis of Auditory Function
The External Ear
The Middle Ear
The Inner Ear
Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of Sound Waves
Two Kinds of Hair Cells in the Cochlea
Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve
How Information from the Cochlea Reaches Targets in the Brainstem
Integrating Information from the Two Ears
Monaural Pathways from the Cochlear Nucleus to the Lateral Lemniscus
Integration in the Inferior Colliculus
The Auditory Thalamus
The Auditory Cortex
Summary
14.
The Vestibular System
The Vestibular Labyrinth
Vestibular Hair Cells
The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Sacculus
How Otolith Neurons Sense Linear Forces
The Semicircular Canals
How Semicircular Canal Neurons Sense Angular Accelerations
Central Vestibular Pathways: Eye, Head, and Body Reflexes
Vestibular Pathways to the Thalamus and Cortex
Summary
15.
The Chemical Senses
The Organization of the Olfactory System
Olfactory Perception in Humans
Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Odorants
The Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons
The Transduction of Olfactory Signals
Odorant Receptors and Olfactory Coding
The Olfactory Bulb
Central Projections of the Olfactory Bulb
The Organization of the Taste System
Taste Perception in Humans
The Organization of the Peripheral Taste System
Idiosyncratic Responses to Various Tastants
Taste Receptors and the Transduction of Taste Signals
Neural Coding in the Taste System
Central Processing of Taste Signals
Trigeminal Chemoreception
Summary
III.
Movement and Its Central Control
16.
Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control
Neural Centers Responsible for Movement
Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships
The Motor Unit
The Regulation of Muscle Force
The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch Reflexes
The Influence of Afferent Activity on Motor Behavior
Other Afferent Feedback that Affects Motor Performance
Flexion Reflex Pathways
Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion
The Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome
Summary
17.
Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord
Descending Control of Spinal Cord Circuitry: General Information
Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance and Posture
The Primary Motor Cortex: Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements
Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
The Premotor Cortex
Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome
Summary
18.
Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia
Projections to the Basal Ganglia
Projections from the Basal Ganglia to Other Brain Regions
Evidence from Studies of Eye Movements
Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System
Summary
19.
Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum
Organization of the Cerebellum
Projections to the Cerebellum
Projections from the Cerebellum
Circuits within the Cerebellum
Cerebellar Circuitry and the Coordination of Ongoing Movement
Consequences of Cerebellar Lesions
Summary
20.
Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration
What Eye Movements Accomplish
The Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions
Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit Movements
Neural Control of Vergence Movements
Summary
21.
The Visceral Motor System
Early Studies of the Visceral Motor System
The Sympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System
The Parasympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System
The Enteric Nervous System
Sensory Components of the Visceral Motor System
Central Control of the Visceral Motor Functions
Neurotransmission in the Visceral Motor System
Visceral Motor Reflex Functions
Autonomic Regulation of Cardiovascular Function
Autonomic Regulation of the Bladder
Autonomic Regulation of Sexual Function
Summary
IV.
The Changing Brain
22.
Early Brain Development
The Initial Formation of the Nervous System: Gastrulation and Neurulation
The Molecular Basis of Neural Induction
Formation of the Major Brain Subdivisions
Genetic Abnormalities and Altered Human Brain Development
The Initial Differentiation of Neurons and Glia
The Generation of Neuronal Diversity
Neuronal Migration
Summary
23.
Construction of Neural Circuits
The Axonal Growth Cone
Non-Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance
Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance: Chemoattraction and Repulsion
The Formation of Topographic Maps
Selective Synapse Formation
Trophic Interactions and the Ultimate Size of Neuronal Populations
Further Competitive Interactions in the Formation of Neuronal Connections
Molecular Basis of Trophic Interactions
Neurotrophin Receptors
The Effect of Neurotrophins on the Differentiation of Neuronal Form
Summary
24.
Modification of Brain Circuits as a Result of Experience
Critical Periods
The Development of Language: A Critical Period in Humans
Critical Periods in Visual System Development
Effects of Visual Deprivation on Ocular Dominance
Critical Periods, Cortical Plasticity, and Amblyopia in Humans
Mechanisms by which Neuronal Activity Affects the Development of Neural Circuits
Evidence for Critical Periods in Other Sensory Systems
Summary
25.
Plasticity of Mature Synapses and Circuits
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity in Relatively Simple Invertebrates
Mechanisms of Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity in the Mammalian Nervous System
Mechanism of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in the Mammalian Nervous System
Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying LTP
Long-Term Synaptic Depression
Plasticity in the Adult Cerebral Cortex
Recovery from Neural Injury
Generation of Neurons in the Adult Brain
Summary
V.
Complex Brain Functions
26.
The Association Cortices
The Association Cortices
An Overview of Cortical Structure
Specific Features of the Association Cortices
Lesions of the Parietal Association Cortex: Deficits of Attention
Lesions of the Temporal Association Cortex: Deficits of Recognition
Lesions of the Frontal Association Cortex: Deficits of Planning
"Attention Neurons" in the Monkey Parietal Cortex
"Recognition Neurons" in the Monkey Temporal Cortex
"Planning Neurons" in the Monkey Frontal Cortex
Summary
27.
Language and Lateralization
Language Is Both Localized and Lateralized
Aphasias
A Dramatic Confirmation of Language Lateralization
Anatomical Differences between the Right and Left Hemispheres
Mapping Language Function
More on the Role of the Right Hemisphere in Language
Sign Language
Summary
28.
Sleep and Wakefulness
Why Do Humans and Many Other Animals Sleep?
The Circadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness
Stages of Sleep
Physiological Changes in Sleep States
The Possible Functions of REM Sleep and Dreaming
Neural Circuits Governing Sleep
Thalamocortical Interactions
Sleep Disorders
Summary
29.
Emotions
Physiological Changes Associated with Emotion
The Integration of Emotional Behavior
The Limbic System
The Importance of the Amygdala
The Relationship between Neocortex and Amygdala
Cortical Lateralization of Emotional Functions
The Interplay of Emotion and Reason
Summary
30.
Sex, Sexuality, and the Brain
Sexually Dimorphic Behavior
What Is Sex?
Hormonal Influences on Sexual Dimorphism
The Effect of Sex Hormones on Neural Circuitry
Central Nervous System Dimorphisms Related to Reproductive Behaviors
Brain Dimorphisms Related to Cognitive Function
Hormone-Sensitive Brain Circuits in Adult Animals
Summary
31.
Human Memory
Qualitative Categories of Human Memory
Temporal Categories of Memory
The Importance of Association in Information Storage
Forgetting
Brain Systems Underlying Declarative and Procedural Memories
The Long-Term Storage of Information
Memory and Aging
Summary
Glossary