| Endogenous
Ligands | Receptors
| Reviews | OMIM |
|
Acetylcholine |
Acetylcholine receptors [muscarinic: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5; nicotinic] | [Muscarinic]
[Nicotinic]
[G5] [G4:
Muscarinic] [G4:
Nicotinic] |
M1:
11q13;
M2: 7q35-q36;
M3: 1q41-q44;
M4: 11p12-p11.2;
M5: 15q26 |
| Catestatin
[an endogenous noncompetitive antagonist] | Acetylcholine
receptors [nicotinic] | [Catestatin] | |
|
Adenosine | Adenosine
receptors [A1, A2A, A2B, A3] | [Adenosine
receptors] [Purine
and pyrimidine receptors] [G5] |
A1:
1q32.1;
A2A: 22q11.2;
A2B: 10q25.3-q26.3;
A3: 1p21-p13 |
| Inosine
[an adenosine metabolite] | Adenosine
A1, A3 receptors | [Inosine]
[Adenosine
receptors] | A1:
1q32.1;
A3: 1p21-p13 |
|
Epinephrine [aka adrenaline], norepinephrine [aka noradrenaline] |
Adrenoceptors:
[alpha-1A, alpha-1B, alpha-1D, alpha-2A, alpha-2B, alpha-2C, beta-1, beta-2, beta-3], D4 receptors |
[G5]
[G4] ["Epinephrine and norepinephrine act as potent agonists at the recombinant human dopamine D4 receptor."] |
alpha-1A:
8p21;
alpha-1B: 5q33;
alpha-1D: 20p13;
alpha-2A: 10q24-q26;
alpha-2B: Chr.2;
alpha-2C: 4p16.1;
beta-1: 10q24-q26;
beta-2: 5q32-q34;
beta-3: 8p12-p11.2 |
| Lipoxin
A4 (LXA4) | ALX
receptors (aka LXA4 receptors) | [Leukotriene
and lipoxin receptors] [LXA4
and sleep] | ALX
receptor: Chr.19 |
|
Angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin III (Ang III) | Angiotensin
receptors [AT1A, AT1B, AT2] | [Angiotensin
II] | AT1A/AT1B:
3q21-q25;
AT2: Xq22-q23 |
| Apelin | APJ
receptors [APJ] | [Apelin]
[Apelin]
| Apelin:
Xq25-q26.3;
APJ: 11q12 |
| KiSS-1 |
AXOR12
receptors (aka GPR54 receptors) | [AXOR12]
[Kisspeptins]
[Metastin
exhibits potent LH releasing activity] | KiSS-1: 1q32; GPR54: 19p13.3
|
| Diazepam-binding
inhibitor (DBI), octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), COOH-terminal octapeptide fragment
of ODN, triakontatetraneuropeptide [all are inverse agonists at benzodiazepine
receptors; triakontatetraneuropeptide may not be active at central-type benzodiazepine
receptors] | Benzodiazepine
binding sites [central and peripheral] | [COOH-terminal
octapeptide, ODN] [DBI]
[Peripheral
benzodiazepine receptors] [Triakontatetraneuropeptide] | Peripheral
benzodiazepine receptor: 22q13.31 |
| Porphyrins | Benzodiazepine
receptors [peripheral] | [Peripheral
benzodiazepine receptors] | Peripheral
benzodiazepine receptor: 22q13.31 |
|
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B (NMB), neuromedin C (NMC) |
Bombesin-like peptide receptors: gastrin-releasing peptide receptor [GRPR], neuromedin
B receptor [NMBR], bombesin-like receptor 3 [BRS3] | [NMBR] | GRP:
18q21;
NMB: 15q22-qter;
GRPR: Xp22.3-p21.2;
NMBR: 6q21-qter;
BRS3: Xq26-q28 |
| Anaphylatoxin
C3a |
C3a anaphylatoxin receptors [C3aR] | [Neuronal
anaphylatoxin receptors] | C3a:
19p13.3-p13.2;
C3aR: ??? |
| Anaphylatoxin
C5a | C5a
anaphylatoxin receptors [C5aR] | [Neuronal
anaphylatoxin receptors] | C5aR:
Chr.19 |
|
*Calcitonin, alpha-CGRP, beta-CGRP, amylin [aka islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)],
adrenomedullin (please view the first link provided for a description of the complex
relationships between these ligands and their receptors) |
Calcitonin, amylin, CGRP, and adrenomedullin receptors [CL, CTR] | [Calcitonin,
amylin, CGRP, adrenomedullin] [Adrenomedullin] | Calcitonin,
alpha-CGRP: 11p15.2-p15.1;
beta-CGRP: 11p15.2-p15.1;
amylin: 12p12.3-p12.1;
adrenomedullin: 11p15.4;
CL: 2q31-q32;
CTR: 7q21.3 |
|
Anandamide [aka arachidonoylethanolamide], 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-arachidonylglyceryl
ether [aka noladin ether], virodhamine, N-Arachidonoyldopamine (NADA) |
Cannabinoid receptors [CB1, CB2] (note that CB2 receptors are not found in the
brain) | [Cannabinoid
Receptors] [Virodhamine]
[NADA] [G5] |
CB1:
6q14-q15;
CB2: Chr.1 |
|
Cholecystokinin (CCK)-4, CCK-5, CCK-7, CCK-7 sulfate, CCK-8, CCK-8 sulfate, CCK-12,
CCK-22, CCK-33, CCK-39, CCK-58, gastrin | Cholecystokinin
receptors [CCK1 (CCK-A), CCK2 (CCK-B)] | [Cholecystokinin]
[G4] | CCK:
3pter-p21;
Gastrin: 17q21;
CCK1: 4p15.2-p15.1;
CCK2: 11p15.5-p15.4 |
|
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) [aka corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)],
urocortin [aka urotensin I] |
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors [CRF1, CRF2] | [CRF]
[G5] [G4] |
CRF:
8q13;
Urocortin: Chr.2;
CRF1: 17q12-q22;
CRF2: 7p21-p15 |
| Stresscopin
(SCP) [aka urocortin III], stresscopin-related peptide (SRP) [aka urocortin II
or urocortin-related peptide (URP)] | CRF2
receptors | [Stresscopin]
[SCP/SRP] | SCP:
???; SRP:
3p21.3;
CRF2: 7p21-p15 |
| Cysteinyl
leukotrienes: LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 | Cysteinyl-leukotriene
receptors [CYSLT1, CYSLT2] | [Leukotriene
Receptors] | CYSLT1:
Xq13-q21;
CYSLT2: 13q14 |
|
Dopamine |
Dopamine receptors [D1, D2, D3, D4, D5] | [Dopamine]
[Dopamine/Neurotensin]
[G5] |
D1:
5q35.1;
D2: 11q23;
D3: 3q13.3;
D4: 11p15.5;
D5: 4p16.1-p15.3 |
|
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) , ET-2, ET-3 |
Endothelin receptors [ETA, ETB] | [Endothelin] | ET-1:
6p24-p23;
ET-2: 1p34;
ET-3: 20q13.2-q13.3;
ETA: Chr.4;
ETB: 13q22 |
| Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) [aka follitropin] | Follicle-stimulating
hormone receptors [FSHR] | [FSH]
[Gonadotropins]
| FSH:
11p13;
FSHR: 2p21-p16 |
GABA [aka gamma-aminobutyric acid]
| GABA
receptors [GABA-A, GABA-B] |
[GABA-A]
[GABA-B]
[G5] |
GABAB1:
???; GABAB2:
9q22.1 |
|
Galanin, galanin-like peptide (GALP) | Galanin
receptors [GALR1, GALR2, GALR3] | [G4]
[Human GALP
is located on chromosome 19] | Galanin:
11q13.3-q13.5;
GALR1: 18q23;
GALR2: 17q25.3;
GALR3: 22q12.2-q13.1 |
| Gastric
inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) [aka glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide] | Gastric
inhibitory polypeptide receptors [GIPR] | [Glucagon
receptor family]
[PACAP/Glucagon
superfamily] | GIP:
17q21.3-q22;
GIPR: 19q13.3 |
| gamma-Hydroxybutyrate
(GHB), 4-Hydroxy-trans-2-nonenoic acid | GHB
receptors | [GHB]
[4-Hydroxy-trans-2-nonenoic
acid] |
|
| Glucagon | Glucagon
receptors [GCGR] | [Glucagon
receptor family] [PACAP/Glucagon
superfamily] | Glucagon:
2q36-q37;
GCGR: 17q25 |
| Glucagon-like
peptide-1 (GLP-1) | GLP-1
receptors [GLP1R] | [Glucagon-like
peptides] [Glucagon
receptor family] [PACAP/Glucagon
superfamily] | GLP1:
2q36-q37;
GLP1R: 6p21 |
| Glucagon-like
peptide-2 (GLP-2) | GLP-2
receptors [GLP2R]
| [Glucagon-like
peptides] [Glucagon
receptor family] [PACAP/Glucagon
superfamily] | GLP2:
2q36-q37;
GLP2R: 17p13.3 |
| Cortisol | Glucocorticoid
receptors [GR], mineralocorticoid receptors [MR] | [Cortisol
(on site link)] | GR:
5q31;
MR: 4q31.1 |
|
Glutamate |
Glutamate
AMPA receptors [ionotropic receptors composed of subunits including GluR1, GluR2,
GluR3, GluR4] |
[General]
[G5] |
GluR1:
5q33;
GluR2: 4q32-q33;
GluR3: Xq25-q26;
GluR4: 11q22-q23 |
| Glutamate |
Glutamate
kainate receptors [ionotropic receptors composed of subunits including GluR5,
GluR6, GluR7, KA-1, KA-2] |
[Kainate]
[G5] |
GluR5:
21q22;
GluR6: 6q21;
GluR7: 1p34-p33;
KA-1: 11q22.3;
KA-2: 19q13.2 |
Glutamate,
quinolinate, glutathione (GSH) [see the link provided for a description of GSH's
complex activity at NMDA receptors], gamma-L-Glutamylglutamate (LGG) [also a possible
agonist at AMPA/kainate receptors], l-homocysteate, L-serine-O-sulfate, l-cysteine
sulfate, l-cysteic acid, succinate | Glutamate
NMDA receptors [ionotropic receptors composed of subunits including NR1, NR2A,
NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, NMDARA1] (eight splice variants of the NR1 subunit exist:
NR1-1a, NR1-2a, NR1-3a, NR1-4a, NR1-1b, NR1-2b, NR1-3b, NR1-4b) | [NMDA]
[G5] [Quinolinate]
[Glutathione]
[gamma-L-Glutamylglutamate]
[NR1
splice variants] [l-homocysteate]
[L-serine-O-sulfate]
[Succinate]
|
NR1:
9q34.3;
NR2A: 16p13;
NR2B: 12p12;
NR2C: 17q25;
NR2D: 19q13.1-qter;
NR3A: ???;
NR3B: 19p13.3;
NMDARA1: 8q24.3 |
| Spermine,
spermidine [neuromodulators at the receptors and channnels listed] | Glutamate
AMPA, kainate, NMDA receptors; inward rectifying K+ channels | [Spermine
and Spermidine] | |
|
Glutamate, L-aspartate, L-homocysteine sulfinic acid, L-homocysteic acid,
L-cysteine sulfinic acid, L-cysteic acid, etc. [note that the sulphur-containing
excitatory amino acids (the latter four ligands) are not equally effective agonists
at all mGluRs] |
Metabotropic glutamate receptors [Group I: mGluR1, mGluR5; Group II: mGluR2, mGluR3;
Group III: mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8] | [G5]
[Sulphur-containing
excitatory amino acids] |
mGluR1:
6q24;
mGluR2: 3p21.2-p21.1;
mGluR3: 7q21.1-q21.2;
mGluR4: 6p21.3;
mGluR5: ???;
mGluR6: 5q35;
mGluR7: 3p26.1-p25.2;
mGluR8: 7q31.3-q32.1 |
| N-Acetylaspartylglutamate
(NAAG) | mGluR3,
NMDA receptors | [N-Acetylaspartylglutamate]
[NAAG
is a very low potency agonist at NMDA receptors] [NAAG
lacks activity at NMDA receptors on cerebellar granule neurons] [NAAG
showed a 12-fold preference for mGluR3 over mGluR2 receptors expressed in CHO
cells] | mGluR3:
7q21.1-q21.2 |
|
Glycine, beta-alanine, taurine |
Glycine GlyR receptors [ionotropic receptors composed of subunits including alpha-1,
alpha-2, beta] | [Glycine] | GlyR
alpha-1 subunit: 5q32;
GlyR alpha-2 subunit: Xp22.1-p21.2;
GlyR beta subunit: 4q31.3 |
| Glycine,
D-serine, dynorphin A(1-13), kynurenate [an endogenous antagonist at both the
GlycineB binding site and the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor] | GlycineB
binding site on NMDA receptors (located on the NR1 subunit) | [Glycine
and NMDA] [D-serine]
[Dynorphin A(1-13)] [Kynurenate] | |
|
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) [aka growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)
or somatocrinin] | GHRH
receptors [GHRHR] | [Glucagon
receptor family]
[PACAP/Glucagon
superfamily] | GHRH:
20q11.2;
GHRHR: 7p15-p14 |
|
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GNRH I) [aka luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
(LHRH) or prolactin release-inhibiting factor (PIF)] |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone I receptors [GNRHR] (aka luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone receptors [LHRHR]) |
[GNRH] [G4]
| GNRH
I : 8p21-p11.2;
GNRHR: 4q21.2 |
| Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone II (GNRH II) | GNRH
II receptors, GNRH I receptors [GNRHR] | [GNRH
II] [GNRH II]
[GNRH
II and GNRHR] | GNRH2:
20p13 |
| Sphingosylphosphorylcholine
(SPC) |
GPR12 |
[GPR12] |
GPR12: 13q12 |
| Neuropeptide
B (NPB), neuropeptide W (NPW) | GPR7
and GPR8 receptors | [Neuropeptide
B/Neuropeptide W] [GPR7/GPR8]
[NPW and
neuroendocrine regulation] | GPR7:
10q11.2-q21.1;
GPR8: 20q13.3 |
| Growth
hormone (GH) | Growth
hormone receptors [GHR] | [GH
and NPY neurons] [GH
as a neuronal rescue factor] | GH:
17q22-q24;
GHR: 5p13-p12 |
| Ghrelin | Growth
hormone secretagogue receptor [GHSR] | [Ghrelin]
[Ghrelin]
| Ghrelin:
3p26-p25;
GHSR: ??? |
|
Histamine |
Histamine receptors [H1, H2, H3, H4] | [Histamine]
[G5] [G4] |
H1:
3p21-p14;
H2: ???;
H3: ???;
H4: 18q11.2 |
|
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) [aka serotonin] |
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors [5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F,
5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A/B, 5-HT4A/B/C/D, 5-HT5A, 5-HT6, 5-HT7A/B/C/D] (letters
not separated by commas indicate splice variants) | [G5] |
5-HT1A:
5q11.2-q13;
5-HT1B: 6q13;
5-HT1D: 1p36.3-p34.3;
5-HT1E: 6q14-q15;
5-HT1F: 3p12;
5-HT2A: 13q14-q21;
5-HT2B: 2q36.3-q37.1;
5-HT2C: Xq24;
5-HT3A: 11q23.1-q23.2;
5-HT3B: 11q23.1;
5-HT4: 5q31-q33;
5-HT5A: 7q36.1;
5-HT6: 1p36-p35;
5-HT7: 10q21-q24 |
| 5-HT-moduline
[an endogenous antagonist] | 5-HT1B
receptors | [5-HT-moduline]
[NESP55 (Precursor
Peptide)] | NESP55:
20q13.2 |
| Agmatine
[also an endogenous antagonist at glutamate NMDA receptors] | Imidazoline
receptors [I(1), I(2)], alpha-2D-adrenoceptors | [Agmatine]
[Agmatine
and NMDA receptors] [Agmatine
and alpha-2D-adrenoceptors] | I1/I2:
??? |
| Kinins:
bradykinin (BK), kallidin [aka Lys-BK], Met-Lys-BK, des-Arg9-BK, Lys-des-Arg9-BK,
T-kinin [aka Ile-Ser-BK], etc. |
Kinin receptors [B1, B2] |
[B1
Receptors] [Kinin
Receptors] [Neuronal
Kinin Receptors] [Bradykinin is also an agonist at GPR100 receptors] |
B1
receptor: 14q32.1-q32.2;
B2 receptor: 14q32.1-q32.2 |
| Kyotorphin | Kyotorphin
receptors | [Kyotorphin]
[The
kyotorphin receptor] | |
| Leptin | Leptin
receptors [LEPR] | | Leptin:
7q31.3;
LEPR: 1p31 |
| Leukotriene
B4 [aka dihydroxy-leukotriene] | Leukotriene
B4 receptors [BLT1, BLT2], vanilloid receptors [VR1] | [Leukotriene
Receptors] [VR1] | BLT1:
14q11.2-q12;
BLT2: 14q11.2-q12 |
| Relaxin
1 | LGR7
and LGR8 receptors | [Relaxin
1 and LGR7, LGR8] [Relaxin
1] |
Relaxin
1: 9pter-q12;
LGR7: 4q32;
LGR8: 13q13.1 |
| Relaxin
3 |
GPCR135
receptors, GPCR142 (GPR100) receptors, LGR7 receptors |
[GPCR135]
[ GPCR142] [Relaxin
3 and LGR7] [Relaxin
3] | Relaxin
3: 19p13.3;
LGR7: 4q32
|
| Luteinizing
hormone (LH) [aka lutropin], choriogonadotropin (CG) [aka chorionic gonadotropin] | Luteinizing
hormone/choriogonadotropin receptors [LHR] | [Lutropin/Choriogonadotropin]
[Gonadotropins] | LH:
19q13.32;
CG: 19q13.32;
LHR: 2p21 |
| Lysophosphatidic
acid (LPA) | Lysophosphatidic
acid (LPA) receptors [LPA1, LPA2, LPA3, LPA4 (aka GPR23)] | [Lysophospholipid
Receptors] [LPA
and the brain] [LPA4] | LPA1:
???; LPA2:
19p12;
LPA3: ???;
LPA4: Xq13-q21.1 |
| Angiotensin-(1-7) |
Mas proto-oncogene |
[Angiotensin-(1-7)
and Mas] [Mas Knockout
Mice] [G-protein-coupled receptor Mas is a physiological antagonist of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.] |
Mas:
6q25.3-q26 |
| Melanin-concentrating
hormone (MCH) | Melanin-concentrating
hormone receptors [MCH1R, MCH2R] | [MCH] | MCH:
12q23-q24;
MCH1R: 22q13.3;
MCH2R: 6q16.2-q21 |
alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), desacetyl-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (desacetyl-alpha-MSH), beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) | Melanocortin
(MC) receptors [MC1, MC2, MC3, MC4, MC5] | [desacetyl-alpha-MSH] | MSH
peptides: 2p23.3;
MC1: 16q24.3;
MC2: 18p11.2;
MC3: 20q13.2;
MC4: 18q22;
MC5: 18p11.2 |
|
Neuropeptide EI (NEI), neuropeptide GE (NGE) | Melanocortin
MC1 receptors | [NEI/NGE
and MC1-R] | NEI/NGE:
12q23-q24;
MC1: 16q24.3 |
| Adrenocorticotrophin
(ACTH) | Melanocortin
MC2 receptors [aka adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) receptors] | | ACTH:
2p23.3;
MC2: 18p11.2 |
| HP-4
(aka corticostatin) [an endogenous competitive antagonist at ACTH receptors and
an agonist at L-type calcium channnels] | Melanocortin
MC2 receptors [aka adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) receptors] | [HP-4]
[Corticostatin
and ACTH] | HP-4:
Chr.8;
MC2: 18p11.2
|
| gamma-melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (gamma-MSH) | Melanocortin
MC3 receptors | [gamma-MSH] | gamma-MSH:
2p23.3;
MC3: 20q13.2 |
|
Agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) [an endogenous inverse agonist] | Melanocortin
MC3, MC4 receptors | [AGRP
inverse agonism] [AGRP
also exhibits weak activity at MC2, MC5] | AGRP:
16q22;
MC3: 20q13.2;
MC4: 18q22 |
|
Melatonin (MLT) [aka N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine] |
Melatonin receptors [MT1 (aka Mel1a), MT2 (aka Mel1b)] | [Melatonin]
[MT3 is the quinone
reductase 2] | MT1:
4q35.1;
MT2: 11q21-q22 |
| Motilin | Motilin
receptors [MTLR1] |
[Motilin
and anxiety] [Motilin]
| Motilin:
6p21.3;
MTLR1: 13q14-q21 |
| Atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) | Natriuretic
peptide receptors [NPR-A, NPR-C] (BNP is a low affinity agonist at NPR-A receptors) | [Natriuretic
Peptides] [Natriuretic
peptide receptor guanylyl cyclases] [Evidence
for a novel NPR] | ANP:
1p36.2;
BNP: 1p36.2;
NPR-A: 1q21-q22;
NPR-C: 5p14-p12 |
| Type
C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) | Natriuretic
peptide receptors [NPR-B, NPR-C] | [Natriuretic
Peptides] [Natriuretic
peptide receptor guanylyl cyclases] | CNP:
2q24-qter;
NPR-B: 9p21-p12;
NPR-C: 5p14-p12 |
| Neuromedin
U, neuropeptide S |
Neuromedin
U (NMU) receptors [NMU1, NMU2] |
[NMU1
and NMU2 receptors] [Neuromedin s is a novel anorexigenic hormone.] [Neuropeptide S promotes both arousal and anxiolytic-like effects]
|
NMU:
???; NMU1:
???; NMU2:
??? |
|
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) | Neuropeptide
Y receptors [Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5] | [NPY/PP]
[G4] | NPY:
7p15.1;
PYY: 17q21;
PPY: 17q12-q21;
Y1: 4q31.3-q32;
Y2: 4q31;
Y4: 10q11.2-q21.2;
Y5: 4q31-q32 |
|
Neurotensin, neuromedin N |
Neurotensin
receptors [NTS1, NTS2, NTS3 (aka sortilin)] |
[Dopamine/Neurotensin]
[G4] | |
